I was back in the SF Bay Area last week for a bit of work and a bit of fun.

I spent some time with some startups in San Francisco proper, as opposed to the heart of Silicon Valley (see Note 1).  Startups in the city of SF are not exactly a new phenomena… a bunch of startups have been founded/built in SF in the last five years or so.  And going even further back there have been a few random ones have been built before like Salesforce.com and e-tailer RedEnvelope (IPO’d in 2003 though now defunct as a company).  But it’s only very recently that you have a large number of startups reaching scale in SF – companies like Zynga, Yelp, Square, Dropbox, Twitter, AirBnB, Yammer, and others that employ hundreds of people.  The kinds of places where you have to sign an NDA when you walk in the lobby…

When I lived and worked in the bay area (2000-2005) virtually all the startups were down on the peninsula somewhere.  The prevailing view of senior startup execs was that trying to build a company in SF would be too distracting for employees, and frankly most startup employees at the time preferred to live in the suburban areas of the peninsula rather than in the city.  If my memory serves me, <10% of our pre-IPO employees at PayPal lived in SF and literally 1 of the first 40-50 folks at LinkedIn were city-dwellers.  Also all the big anchor companies that a startup might want to partner with at that time (eBay, Google, Oracle, Yahoo!, et al) were down on the peninsula.

“Silicon Valley” (see Note 2) is hardly alone in this urbanization of startups trend.  Here in Boston the same dynamic as Silicon Valley has been afoot… at least in the software/internet sphere, the majority of startups have migrated from the suburban loop of Rt 128 back into the urban core of Boston & Cambridge.  New York never went through a phase as a suburban startup hub… basically just an urban boom as Silicon Alley 1.0 in the late ’90s and then again a renaissance in the last 5yrs (both in Manhattan & Brooklyn) which has roughly coincided with a broader urbanization trend.  And if you look elsewhere at places like Seattle you see the same pattern; Microsoft may have been built in Redmond, but Amazon and many of the more recent startups like Zillow, Redfin, Zulily, etc are all in Seattle’s downtown core.

So why are software & internet startups more urban today than 5-10 years ago?  And what are the implications for these various startup hubs at an ecosystem level?

1) Younger people building companies – Many of the biggest technologies companies ever built were started by people in their 20s.  This is true well before the internet era of Facebook, Yahoo!, and Google… Bill Gates & Paul Allen at Microsoft were a decade or two earlier and going even further back Bill Hewlett & Dave Packard were fresh out of grad school when they started HP in 1939.  And the potential rewards to joining a startup as a young person have always been there… not just financial if a startup is successful, but also the ability to have outsized influence and leadership roles relatively early in one’s career.

But the last 3-5 years has seen a significant increase in the number of young (<30) people starting companies and working in startups, relative to the ’90s and early ’00s.  I describe this in part as the “Social Network” effect… not just the movie itself but the example of Mark Zuckerberg and many other high profile young founders as role models (who can forget this image?) for college students and recent grads to work in startups.  But more broadly than just that,the direct costs of launching a startup have obviously plummeted which makes being a founder more accessible than historically.  And for non-founder employees, as the broader employment markets even for college grads has gotten softer, the opportunity costs of a joining a risky startup have never been lower.

2) Design ethic vs engineers – Over the course of the last 5-10 years, many software-based startups are being built on competitive advantages of design and business model rather than technical differentiation.  I’m not suggesting that there aren’t lots of hard technical problems being solved in today’s startups… nearly any developer worth his or her salt could build Facebook or Twitter like products for a few hundred users, but few can make them scale to hundreds of millions.

But as design and UX become more core elements of startups, it’s natural that companies will be started by and increasingly staffed by design-oriented folks.  And many of these folks are drawn to working and living in urban centers.  I know this is a gross generalization… there are plenty of developers sporting Warby Parker frames or designer shoes rather than a Warcraft t-shirt and beat-up sneakers.  A hacker ethic is compatible with an urban setting just as design oriented one is compatible with a suburban one.  But generally speaking as more startups are being built with a “design first” mindset, it’s natural that the kinds of talent attracted to these places changes slightly and more of them are being built in city centers.

3) Big companies follow – As more startup talent is concentrated in urban centers, it’s not surprising that large tech companies may follow.  Google started and is still headquartered in Mountain View, but they opened an office in SF at the end of 2007.  Here in Boston both Microsoft and Google have made significant expansions in recent years in Cambridge, and PayPal/eBay is poised to do the same in downtown Boston through acquisition and organic growth.  And to some degree these are reinforcing trends… as big tech companies build their presence in urban centers, it promotes additional startup growth nearby.

To be fair, an urban location isn’t for everyone.  Facebook’s in Palo Alto, LinkedIn is in Mountain View… clearly the ‘burbs still work just fine for building monster companies.  Apple’s been in Cupertino since inception and that seems to be working just fine.  And for the record NextView’s office is in downtown Boston but my wife & I choose to live in the ‘burbs.  But I think the urbanization of startups nationwide is here to stay.

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Note (1):  For those not familiar with the geography of the SF Bay Area, the city of San Francisco proper sits at the north end of a peninsula that stretches down to the smaller city of San Jose.  In between is the area generally referred to as “Silicon Valley” which literally sits between the Santa Cruz Mountains to the west and the western shore of San Francisco Bay itself.  It encompasses a stretch of towns including Palo Alto, Mountain View, Menlo Park, Sunnyvale, Cupertino, and others.  Most local folks don’t use “Silicon Valley” as a geographic term, rather people talk about the “City” (San Francisco proper), the “Peninsula” which is most of the middle part of Silicon Valley, or the “South Bay” which is the southern reaches around San Jose and further south.

Note (2): Now even startups in SF have co-opted the term “Silicon Valley” as it has more global recognition as a tech/startup hub than “San Francisco”.